Gran Colombia was a republic that existed from 1819 to 1831 and included parts of northern South America and southern Central America led by military leader SimĂłn BolĂvar and fought to unite the regions.. This included the territories of modern-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, and Peru. Western Guyana and northwest Brazil were included, but not in this summary.
April 19, 1943 – the Uprising began. A quarter of a million Jews had been deported from the ghetto to Treblinka and murdered, the remaining Jews began to build bunkers and smuggle weapons and explosives into the ghetto. The uprising started when the ghetto refused to surrender to the police, who had ordered the destruction of the ghetto, block by block, ending on May 16. A total of 13,000 Jews were killed, about half of them burnt alive or suffocated.
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New York, N.Y. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany’s final effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to the gas chambers of the Majdanek and Treblinkaextermination camps.
Post card. Great Synagogue of Warsaw, destroyed in 1943.
After the Grossaktion Warsaw–the “Great Action”–of summer 1942, in which more than a quarter of a million Jews were deported from the ghetto to Treblinka and murdered, the remaining Jews began to build bunkers and smuggle weapons and explosives into the ghetto.
The left-wing Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB) and right-wing Jewish Military Union (ŻZW) formed and began to train. A small resistance effort to another roundup in January 1943 was partially successful and spurred Polish resistance groups to support the Jews in earnest.
The uprising started on April 19th when the ghetto refused to surrender to the police commander S.S.-BrigadefĂĽhrerJĂĽrgen Stroop, who ordered the destruction of the ghetto, block by block, ending on 16 May. A total of 13,000 Jews were killed, about half of them burnt alive or suffocated. Stroop reported 110 German casualties, including 17 killed.
The uprising was the largest single revolt by Jews during World War II.
The Jews knew that victory was impossible and survival unlikely. Marek Edelman, the last surviving Ĺ»OB commander who died in 2009, said their inspiration to fight was “not to allow the Germans alone to pick the time and place of our deaths.” According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the uprising was “one of the most significant occurrences in the history of the Jewish people.”
Analysis of American-Mexican-Canadian Relations in 2024
Mexico City, Mexico. In 2024, the trilateral relationship between the United States, Mexico, and Canada remains a cornerstone of North American stability and prosperity. Anchored by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), the partnership between these three nations continues to evolve, characterized by robust economic ties, collaborative security efforts, and a commitment to addressing shared challenges.
Economic Integration and Trade
Economic integration remains the bedrock of American-Mexican-Canadian relations. The USMCA, which replaced NAFTA in 2020, has strengthened trade and investment across North America. This agreement continues to facilitate the flow of goods and services, reduce trade barriers, and enhance economic cooperation among the three countries.
In 2024, the economic ties between the United States, Mexico, and Canada are stronger than ever. The three nations benefit from an integrated supply chain that supports key industries such as automotive, agriculture, technology, and energy. The agreement’s provisions on labor rights, environmental standards, and digital trade have also modernized the economic relationship, ensuring it meets contemporary challenges and opportunities.
Supply Chain Resilience and Innovation
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of resilient supply chains. In response, the three countries have intensified their cooperation to enhance supply chain security and mitigate disruptions. This includes efforts to diversify supply sources, increase domestic production capacities, and invest in critical infrastructure.
Innovation is another key focus area. Collaborative initiatives in research and development, particularly in sectors like renewable energy, biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing, are driving technological advancements and economic growth. The shared commitment to fostering innovation ensures that North America remains competitive in the global economy.
Security and Border Management
Security cooperation is a critical aspect of the trilateral relationship. The United States, Mexico, and Canada work closely on a range of security issues, including counterterrorism, drug trafficking, and border management. The integration of law enforcement efforts and intelligence sharing has enhanced the region’s ability to address transnational threats.
Border management, particularly the US-Mexico and US-Canada borders, remains a complex but vital area of cooperation. The focus is on ensuring secure and efficient borders that facilitate trade and travel while preventing illegal activities. Initiatives such as trusted traveler programs and enhanced border infrastructure are key components of this strategy.
Climate Change and Environmental Cooperation
In 2024, addressing climate change is a top priority for all three countries. The USMCA includes provisions for environmental protection, and the nations have committed to collaborative efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable practices.
Joint initiatives on renewable energy, conservation, and climate resilience are central to the environmental agenda. The North American Climate Partnership, for example, focuses on accelerating the transition to clean energy, protecting biodiversity, and enhancing climate adaptation strategies.
Migration and Human Rights
Migration is a significant issue that requires coordinated efforts. The United States, Mexico, and Canada are working together to address the root causes of migration, such as economic instability and violence in Central America. Humanitarian assistance, development programs, and regional cooperation are integral to these efforts.
Human rights are also a key concern. Ensuring the humane treatment of migrants, protecting the rights of indigenous communities, and addressing social inequalities are shared objectives. Collaborative approaches to these issues are essential for maintaining social stability and promoting human dignity.
Political and Diplomatic Engagement
High-level diplomatic engagement is a hallmark of the trilateral relationship. Regular summits, ministerial meetings, and dialogues facilitate cooperation on a wide range of issues. These interactions underscore the commitment to maintaining a strong and collaborative partnership.
The geopolitical landscape, including relations with China and other global powers, necessitates close coordination. The United States, Mexico, and Canada recognize the importance of working together to navigate global challenges and uphold shared democratic values.
Challenges and Opportunities
Despite the strong relationship, challenges persist. Trade disputes, immigration policies, and environmental concerns can strain the partnership. However, the resilience of the trilateral relationship lies in the ability to address these challenges through dialogue and negotiation.
Opportunities for collaboration are vast. Enhancing economic integration, addressing climate change, improving border security, and fostering innovation are areas with significant potential for further cooperation. The shared commitment to these goals ensures that the trilateral relationship will continue to thrive.
Conclusion
In 2024, the relationship between the United States, Mexico, and Canada is characterized by deep economic integration, collaborative security efforts, and a commitment to addressing shared challenges. The USMCA has strengthened economic ties, while joint initiatives on climate change, migration, and innovation highlight the dynamic nature of this partnership. As these three nations continue to work together, the trilateral relationship will remain a pivotal force in shaping the future of North America and contributing to global stability and prosperity.
Photo: U.S. President Joe Biden poses with Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau after delivering a joint statement at North American Leaders’ Summit, Jan. 10, 2023, National Palace in Mexico City. Credit: Official White House Photo by Adam Schultz.
Photo: Dr. Doris Chernik and director Jacques Africot swimming with children of Orphans International Haiti, April 2007. Credit: Jim Luce.
New York, N.Y. It is with great sadness that we announce the passing of Doris Ann Chernik, Ph.D. of New York City, peacefully at home on December 20, 2022 at the age of 88. It is hard to put into words how unique and remarkable Doris’ life was. She was decades ahead of her time, having achieved her PhD in clinical psychology in the late 60’s, running sleep studies through the FDA for Hoffman LaRoche in the 80’s and 90’s, while concurrently pursuing her passion for psychology as a couples therapist.
In addition to all her professional achievements, she lovingly raised two children and traversed the globe, first with backpacks along with her beloved husband Vlad in the early 60’s, and later along with their children, losing count after more than 150 countries. This love of travel led to her co-founding an orphanage in Haiti, which would unite her passion for travel with her deep love of children and education. And if all that wasn’t enough, she also thrived as innkeeper of the Cordova B&B on the Jersey Shore for twenty years, where she indulged her love of entertaining and meeting interesting people.
Her adventurous spirit and eternal optimism will always color our memories and will remain an indelible influence in not only our lives but also those of everyone she met. Doris is survived by her brother, Albert, son, Eric (wife Beth), daughter, Nina, grandchildren, Hannah and Graham and many nephews and nieces. As ever the maverick, in lieu of a funeral, Doris has donated her body to NYU Medical School to further scientific research.
New York, N.Y. Dr. Donald William Hoskins passed away at the age of 89 on December 26, 2022, in Pittsboro North Carolina.
Devoted husband to Carol Noll Hoskins and beloved father of daughter Lauren Lingley and husband Ron, son David William and wife Marlene and son Bruce Noll and wife Ursula. Don leaves behind eight grandchildren and 4 great grandchildren.
He was born in New York City on February 22, 1933, to Elise and Thomas Hoskins and he is survived by his two brothers, Thomas Hoskins Jr and Douglas Hoskins. He earned degrees from Queens College and the Cornell College of Medicine class of 1957.
As a physician, Dr. Hoskins practiced internal medicine in Manhattan and was an Associate Professor at Cornell Medical College. He finished his career as Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer at Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan. He served as president of the Board of Directors of Orphans International America.
He and his wife of 67 years retired to Galloway Ridge in Pittsboro North Carolina in 2010. While Don’s academic and professional accomplishments were numerous, it was his love and devotion to family and the personal care that he provided to all his patients that will be his legacy.
In high school I somehow ended up taking a turn at ringing the red bell during the holidays for The Salvation Army in my local community. I remember feeling vaguely uncomfortable with the vibes I was receiving from the leadership, but it wasn;t for decades alter that I learned more.
As Zinnia Jones reported in The Huffington Post in 2013, the church has publicly articulated its belief that homosexuality is unacceptable, stating:
“Scripture opposes homosexual practices by direct comment and also by clearly implied disapproval. The Bible treats such practices as self-evidently abnormal. … Attempts to establish or promote such relationships as viable alternatives to heterosexually-based family life do not conform to God’s will for society.”
While such statements were recently removed from the Salvation Army’s website, the church has yet to repudiate any of its explicitly anti-gay beliefs. And though these positions may seem to be limited to the group’s internal doctrines, they’ve become a persistent element of the church’s overtly political activities — activities which have negatively impacted the Salvation Army’s ability to provide charitable services, and have aimed to limit the rights and benefits of LGBT citizens in multiple nations.
2013 — The Salvation Army continues to remove links from its website to religious ministries providing so-called “ex-gay” conversion therapy, such as Harvest USA and Pure Life Ministries. These links were previously provided as resources under the Salvation Army’s section on dealing with “sexual addictions.”
“Without discrimination” — myth or fact? The Salvation Army has recently attempted to counter this perception of the church as homophobic, scrubbing explicitly anti-gay statements from its websites and issuing missives purportedly “debunking” the “myth” of its anti-LGBT stances.
Supporting the Salvation Army this season, whether by tossing your change in their red kettles or donating your used goods to their resale shops, means assisting an aggressively anti-gay church in furthering its goals of discrimination. Would-be donors should consider whether “doing the most good” might mean supporting one of the many other effective and reputable charities that provide for the needy without engaging in anti-gay beliefs, policies, or political activities.
Many Salvation Army shelters do help LGBTQ people — but critics say harm-reduction services don’t make up for anti-gay lobbying
In his recent op-ed, Hudson explained that even if some Salvation Army leaders are themselves anti-gay, their personal beliefs are outweighed by the services the organization provides to at-risk LGBTQ people.
“It’s true,” Hudson wrote, “that the Salvation Army’s pastoral leaders, who subscribe to the international tenets of the church on which we are founded, do themselves adhere to a traditional biblical definition of marriage — that’s also true of the leaders of most churches around the world.”
In other words, the Salvation Army does provide lifesaving services, including food and shelter, to LGBTQ people facing homelessness, but it also appears to have no problem with its leadership potentially expressing homophobic views that help contribute to broader discrimination against LGBTQ people.
“The Salvation Army speaks out of both sides of its mouth,” Meister said. “They’ll deliver services to LGBTQ folks, but on the other side, they are very actively, as a religious organization, opposing marriage rights and a lot of other rights. Transgender issues have been one, particularly, that they have had problems with.”
LGBTQ youth are disproportionately vulnerable to homelessness. A 2017 report by Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago found that LGBTQ young adults were 120 percent more likely to experience homelessness than straight, cisgender people in the same age range. The high rates of homelessness among LGBTQ youth are often due to homophobia in their families or in their communities.
“It helps perpetuate discrimination, particularly among youth, particularly among the trans population. It is particularly insidious,” Meister added. “With youth in the transgender population, we already have a very high suicide rate, and the doctrine that they espouse helps contribute to that.”
Habitat’s vision is a world where everyone has a decent place to live. In Oxford, they bring people together to build homes, communities and hope. Their focus has expanded from not only building individual houses, but building entire involved communities.
Oxford, Ohio. The family of Stanford L. Luce has announced that it will match all donations made to the Greater Oxford Community Foundation fund in Luce’s name. The fund supports Habitat for Humanity projects in the Oxford area, including building new homes, developing land, educating partner families and launching new programs.
Luce died in 2007 was a French professor at Miami University from 1952 to 1988.
James Luce, the son of Stanford, said that at his father’s funeral he was surrounded by people that he knew growing up in Oxford– except for one woman.
“She came up to me after the funeral and shared that she was a lawyer, and her daughter was in law school,” James Luce wrote in a press release announcing the pledged donation.
“Many years ago, when she had met my father, she was living out of her car with her daughter when Habitat built her a home. She used that house as home base while she went to law school, and because of that her daughter was able to do the same.”
More information about the donation and Habitat organization can be found online.
Taty Tatyana Horoshko is an American artist, creator/owner of TatyDesignStudioInc and Cofounder/ board director of Portrait of Freedom, Inc., a nonprofit organization.
Taty has been commissioned to paint portraits in Vienna, Rome, Milan, Florence, and her hometown, New York City.
She has created art for brands like Dior, Ann Taylor, Loft, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, Neman Marcus, Coldwater Creek, and several private brands who desired to have something not standard on their garments .
Today, Taty is fully dedicated to her primary passion – portraits of people who make a difference in this world. When she creates a portrait, she connects with the soul of her object and becomes them while creating their image. Onto the canvas, the subject’s soul is then projected.
Photo: Sasha and Taty accept our foundation’s award, autumn 2023. Credit: Jeff Smith
Taty is a dedicated supporter of our veterans, both retired and on active duty, who serve our country.
See LucePedia: Taty Tatyana Horoshkohttps://stewardshipreport.org/wiki/horoshko-taty/
Photo: Presenting Iris Apfel on her 102 Birthday and then we invited her for dinner at Colony Hotel. Credit: XXX.
Photo: Taty with her American hero Mike Tyson in Las Vegas, 2012. Credit: XXX.
Washington, D.C. — The Smithsonian American Art Museum’s Luce Foundation Center for American Art is the first visible art storage and study center in Washington, D.C. This innovative public space on SAAM’s third and fourth floors offers visitors new ways to experience American art.
Staff-led tours of the Luce Foundation Center are available upon special request. Please email AmericanArtLuce@si.edu to request a tour.
Download or print Luce Center scavenger hunts from home, and test your skills! Bring one of our hunts to the Luce Foundation Center and follow the clues to find specific artworks among the more than 3,000 objects on display. Find all of the correct answers and win a prize!
The Luce Foundation Center occupies 24,000 square feet on the third and fourth floors of the historic Patent Office Building’s west wing. Built between 1836 and 1862, the Patent Office Building is one of the oldest public buildings in Washington, D.C. The west wing was built between 1852 and 1857 under the direction of Thomas U. Walter, architect of the Capitol. It was in this space that the patent models, which had been submitted and rejected for patent, were on view to the public. During the Civil War, the First Rhode Island Regiment camped here, bunking in between the patent model cases. President Abraham Lincoln hosted his second Inaugural Ball on the building’s third floor. Guests promenaded through the east wing to the south wing for dancing. Dinner took place in the west wing, where the 4,000 guests rushed en masse to the buffet tables, overcrowding them and causing quite a mess. In 1877, a fire destroyed the upper floors of the north and west wings and nearly 87,000 patent models. Adolf Cluss, who also designed the Smithsonian’s Arts and Industries Building and Eastern Market, and his partner Paul Schulze oversaw the rebuilding of the damaged areas.
The Patent Office moved out of the building in 1932 and the Civil Service Commission occupied the building for the next 30 years. During the 1950s, the building avoided demolition with the help of D.C.’s budding historic preservation movement and in 1965 became a National Historic Landmark. Congress passed ownership of the building to the Smithsonian in 1958 and the American Art Museum (then called the National Collection of Fine Arts) and National Portrait Gallery opened in the space in 1968. The west wing housed the Archives of American Art and a branch of the Smithsonian Libraries until 2000, when the building closed for expansive renovations. In 2006, the building reopened with the groundbreaking Lunder Conservation Center and Luce Foundation Center occupying the west wing’s upper floors.
Support
In 2001, the Henry Luce Foundation gave $10 million to establish the Luce Foundation Center for American Art at the Smithsonian American Art Museum. The center opened July 1, 2006, following an extensive renovation of the museum’s historic building.
Other centers supported by the Henry Luce Foundation include the Henry R. Luce Center for the Study of American Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Henry Luce III Center at the Historical Society, and the Luce Center for American Art at the Brooklyn Museum. The Henry Luce Foundation has funded these study centers out of a profound desire to acquaint more museum visitors with the diversity and excellence of American art.
The Luce Center features three levels of Smithsonian American Art Museum’s painting, sculpture, folk art, and craft collections, on display in floor to ceiling glass cases. The Luce Center’s architectural elements such as the elaborate columns, bronze railings, multicolored marble floor, large windows and a city-block long skylight will make any gathering an event to remember.
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Cillian Murphy stars as Thomas Shelby, the steely and ambitious boss of a crime family in 19th-century Birmingham’s criminal underworld. Across six seasons, the series traces his rise, even as new foes threaten to disrupt the family’s ascension from street gangsters to legitimate political players. With an anachronistic rock ’n’ roll soundtrack, glamorous costumes, and a host of layered performances from Murphy and the ever-expanding supporting cast — which includes Anya Taylor-Joy, Tom Hardy, and the late Helen McCrory, among many others — this slick period piece (which now has a movie on the way) is worthy of its passionate fan base.
Sofia Vergara transforms in the titular role of this Emmy-nominated limited series inspired by the life of crime boss Griselda Blanco. Beginning in the late ’70s and spanning into the early ’80s, Griselda maps Blanco’s journey from fleeing MedellĂn to keep her children safe into becoming the ruthless queenpin who was known as Godmother of Cocaine. What makes Griselda so interesting is how unglamorous it makes its central figure’s rise seem, showing how easily people can be warped by greed and the temptation of power. The drama is anchored by Vergara’s committed performance, but scene-stealing turns from MartĂn RodrĂguez as Blanco’s hit man and Alberto Guerra as her husband help bring the world to life.
Richard Madden won a Golden Globe for his performance in this British series as war veteran turned bodyguard David Budd, who, after stopping a suicide bomber on a train, is assigned as security detail to Julia Montague (Keeley Hawes). Montague is a conservative politician who’s recently come under fire for backing a controversial bill, and a good amount of the show’s tension comes from her ideological clashes with Budd, who opposes her politics but is nonetheless tasked with protecting her life. Taut and thrilling, Bodyguard doesn’t romanticize political intrigue, instead shining a light on the nefarious acts governments get away with every day.
Cross-cultural LGBTQ+ relationships can be influenced by a variety of factors, including:
Language – Different cultures use different terms to describe LGBTQ+ people, and some terms don’t translate well into English.Â
Social expectations – LGBTQ+ partners may be able to create their own relationship rules and traditions without being bound by social expectations.Â
Spiritual identities – In some African societies, gay men and lesbian women are believed to be spiritual leaders and mediators between the human and spirit worlds.Â
Recognition of rights – Cross-cultural narratives show that lesbian and gay rights are often recognized before the rights of bi, trans, queer, and questioning people.Â
Homonegativity and transphobia – Even in countries that have established protections for LGBTQ+ people, homonegativity and transphobia can still exist.Â
Some ways to promote cultural competence in the care of LGBTQ+ patients include:
Avoiding judgment of sexual orientation and practicesÂ
Including “partner” on intake forms in addition to “spouse”Â
Including transgender as an option on intake formsÂ
Supporting LGBTQ+ Pride Day, World AIDS Day, and National Transgender Day of Remembranc
The story of Honey B’s failure on Britain’s Got Talent is a cautionary tale about the risks of seeking fame on reality TV. Honey B’s experience highlights the fine line between entertainment and exploitation in the world of reality television, where the pursuit of ratings can sometimes overshadow the celebration of talent.
New York, N.Y. — When Honey B, a white female rapper from the U.K., stepped onto the stage of Britain’s Got Talent (BGT), she was poised to break boundaries and challenge stereotypes in the male-dominated world of rap. With a bold attitude and a distinctive style, Honey B hoped to impress the judges and the audience with her unique talent. However, what followed was a public disaster that quickly went viral, leading to widespread ridicule and a story of alleged sabotage.
The Build-Up Honey B, whose real name is Holly Barnett, had built a small but loyal following on social media, where she showcased her rap skills. She was known for her fast-paced rhymes and catchy beats, and her persona exuded confidence. When she auditioned for Britain’s Got Talent, she believed it was her moment to shine on a national stage.
Photo: Simon Cowell, known for his brutally honest critiques, was particularly harsh, telling her that she had no future in the music industry. Credit: Facebook / Simon Cowell.
However, from the outset, there were signs that things might not go as planned. According to Honey B, her experience with the show’s producers was fraught with difficulties. She claimed that during rehearsals, there were issues with the sound system, and she was repeatedly asked to change her performance, making her feel uneasy and unprepared.
The Performance On the night of her performance, Honey B took the stage with high expectations. She started her rap with energy, but almost immediately, things began to fall apart. The sound was off, her microphone cut out several times, and she struggled to keep up with the backing track, which she later claimed was played at the wrong tempo. The judges’ reactions ranged from confused to disapproving, and the audience quickly turned on her, with boos filling the auditorium.
Simon Cowell, known for his brutally honest critiques, was particularly harsh, telling her that she had no future in the music industry. The performance was quickly labeled a disaster, and clips of it spread across social media, with many mocking her attempt to break into the rap scene.
Allegations of Sabotage In the aftermath, Honey B made headlines not for her talent, but for her allegations that she had been set up to fail. She claimed that the producers of Britain’s Got Talent had intentionally sabotaged her performance by altering her sound and pressuring her to make last-minute changes that threw her off balance.
Holly argued that she was unfairly portrayed as a joke act, rather than a serious artist, and that the show was more interested in creating viral moments than in showcasing genuine talent. She suggested that her failure was orchestrated to create controversy and boost ratings, at the expense of her career.
The Real Story While Honey B’s claims of sabotage attracted attention, the real story appears to be more complex. Industry insiders and former contestants have spoken about the intense pressure that comes with performing on such a massive platform. Many have acknowledged that the show’s producers do have a significant influence on how acts are presented and that technical difficulties are not uncommon. However, most agree that any manipulation is more about creating compelling television than actively sabotaging artists.
In Honey B’s case, it’s likely that a combination of nerves, technical issues, and the high expectations she set for herself led to her downfall. While she may have been ill-prepared for the challenges of performing live on such a grand stage, it’s also possible that the show’s format, which often emphasizes spectacle over substance, did not play to her strengths.
Cautionary Tale The story of Honey B’s failure on Britain’s Got Talent is a cautionary tale about the risks of seeking fame on reality TV. While the platform can catapult unknown artists into the spotlight, it can also expose them to harsh criticism and public humiliation. Honey B’s experience highlights the fine line between entertainment and exploitation in the world of reality television, where the pursuit of ratings can sometimes overshadow the celebration of talent.
Whether or not Honey B was truly set up to fail, her story serves as a reminder of the unpredictable and often unforgiving nature of the entertainment industry. Despite the setback, Honey B has continued to pursue her passion for music, determined to prove that one bad performance does not define her career.
Generational tragedies that shaped Malcolm X’s life, family and activism
New York, N.Y. The story of Malcolm X’s family, what became the Shabazz family, is marked by numerous personal tragedies across generations, deeply influencing his life and his views on race, justice, and society. Here are some of the tragic events that befell Malcolm X’s family, both in the generations prior and in his immediate family. These dates provide a rough historical context for Malcolm X’s ancestry, helping to frame the generational experiences that influenced his life and activism. These tragic events across generations set the stage for Malcolm X’s own experiences and deeply influenced his radical critique of American society. His family’s history of enduring racism, violence, and systemic oppression fueled his lifelong fight for justice and equality:
1800-40: Malcolm X’s paternal great-grandparents, who were enslaved Africans in the South, would have been born in the early 19th century based on the estimated birth years of their children (John and Ella Little). These dates are approximate, as detailed records of enslaved individuals were rarely kept.
1815: Earl Little’s grandfather, Malcolm X’s Great-great grandfather Ajar, was brought to South Carolina from West Africa as slave in 1815.
??? – Ajar had a son named Tony, born in S.C., who was sold to Allen Little family of S.C. that then moved to Georgia.
1865: Ajar’s son Tony became “Tony Little” following Emancipation, named after his master. Tony was Malcolm X’s great grandfather. Ella Gray, Malcolm X’s great grandmother, was born in Georgia the same year.
1890: Earl Little born in Georgia.
1890’s: Lynching of Earl Little’s Brothers. Earl reportedly lost three of his brothers to violence at the hands of white supremacists. These lynchings were common in the southern United States during this period, and such violence would have profoundly impacted the Little family, contributing to Earl Little’s later involvement in Black nationalist movements
1894: Louise Little born in Grenada, during British colonial rule in the Caribbean. Louise Little’s parents (Malcolm X’s maternal grandparents) were part of the Grenadian population that suffered under British colonial rule. Though specific tragedies are not well-documented, the experience of colonization often included economic hardship, social instability, and systemic discrimination, which likely affected Louise Little’s upbringing and outlook.
1925: Malcolm Little born in Omaha, NE to Louise Helen Little and Earl Little.
1926: KKK threats force family to leave, relocate in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
1927: White racist group “Black Legion” threats force family to relocate to Lansing, MI.
1929: Family home burned, probably by White racist group “Black Legion.”
1930: Ella Gray, Malcolm X’s great grandmother, dies in Georgia, age 65.
1930’s: Malcolm X’s family lived in a time of pervasive racism, segregation, and violence against Black people. This systemic oppression led to economic hardship, fear, and the constant threat of violence, shaping the worldview that Malcolm X would later express so forcefully in his activism.
1931: Earl Little, a Baptist minister and active supporter of Marcus Garvey’s UNIA, was a vocal advocate for Black self-reliance. His outspokenness made him a target of white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan. In 1931, Earl was found dead, his body mangled by a streetcar in Lansing, Michigan. While officially ruled an accident, many, including Malcolm X and his family, believed he was murdered by white supremacists who had previously threatened him.
1932: Earl Little’s life insurance payments end to his wife Louise as “accident” ruled “suicide.”
1930’s: Louise Little and her son Wilfred were baptized into the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
1937: Man Louise had been dating—‌possibly marriage—‌vanished when she became pregnant with his child.
1938: Louise had nervous breakdown and was committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital for 24 years.
1938: After Earl Little’s death, Malcolm X’s mother, Louise Little, struggled to keep the family together amid severe economic hardship and harassment by welfare agencies. Louise was eventually diagnosed with a mental illness and committed to the Kalamazoo State Hospital in 1938, where she remained for 24 years. Her commitment was seen as a tragic result of the immense pressure and grief she endured, including racism and the loss of her husband.
1931-39: Little children sent to foster homes and orphanages during late 1930s. Malcolm X was sent to a foster home in 1939. This breakup of his family was a significant personal tragedy for Malcolm X, who would later speak about the emotional and psychological impact of being separated from his siblings and losing the stability of a family home.
1939: Malcolm attended Junior High School in Lansing and then High School in Mason, Michigan.
1941: Malcolm, age 14, drops out of High School after told by teacher his law school dream was “no realistic goal for a nigger.” He then lived with his half-sister in Roxbury, a largely African American neighborhood of Boston.
1943: Malcolm moved to Harlem for job with railroad, with drug dealing, gambling, robbery, and pimping on the side. Biographer Bruce Perry claims Malcolm also had sex with other men, usually for money, as a male hustler. Male hustlers are are not necessarily gay. His family strongly disputes this possibility.
1944: Malcolm states to WWII Draft Board: “I want to… organize nigger soldiers… to steal guns… and kill crackers.” He was rejected.
1944: Malcolm was declared “mentally disqualified for military service” after what Wikipedia says was a ‘feigned’ mental disturbance.
1945: Malcolm returned to Boston, committed a series of burglaries targeting wealthy White families with four accomplices.
1946: Malcolm was arrested and sentenced to 8-10 years for burglary.
1948: Malcolm’s brother Reginald wrote him, convincing him to join new Nation of Islam (NOI). Malcolm gives up pork and tobacco.
1948: Malcolm wrote NOI leader Elijah Muhammad who tells him to renounce his past, pray to God, and avoid destructive behavior.
1949: Malcolm adopts idea White people are considered devils; he reflected on past relationships with Whites marked by dishonesty, greed.
1950: Malcolm’s growing hostility to Christianity earns him prison nickname “Satan.”
1950: Malcolm wrote President Truman to express opposition to Korean War and declared himself a Communist. FBI began to follow him.
1950: Malcolm begins to sign his name “Malcolm X.” The “X” replaced “Little,” which had been given to his family by slave masters.
1952: Malcolm paroled from prison, visited Elijah Muhammad, founder of Nation of Islam, in Chicago. Malcolm joins Nation of Islam.
1953: Malcolm named assistant minister of Nation’s Temple #1 in Detroit. Later that year he established Boston’s Temple #11.
1954: Malcolm expanded Temple #12 in Philadelphia and then selected to lead temple #7 in Harlem.
1955: Malcolm established NOI temples in Springfield, Mass. (#13); Hartford, Conn. (#14), and Atlanta (#15).
1955: Malcolm met Betty Sanders at his lectures.
1956: Betty joined NOI, changed name to “Betty X” and began to see (not date, as was forbidden) Malcolm on group excursions.
1958: Malcolm and Betty married. Daughter #1 Attallah born.
1959: Malcolm featured in NYC television broadcast about the Nation of Islam, The Hate That Hate Produced.
1960‘s: Malcolm grow disillusioned with NOI and its leader Elijah Muhammad.
1961: Malcolm stated antisemitic text The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was authentic and trivialized the Holocaust.
1961: Malcolm spoke at a NOI rally with head of American Nazi Party, seeing overlap between Black nationalism and White supremacy.
1962: Daughter #3 Ilyasah born.
1963: Malcolm criticizes civil rights movement, Martin Luther King, and March on Washington as to “White.”
1963: Malcolm advocated separation of African Americans from Whites and proposed Black should return to Africa.
1963: Malcolm rejected civil rights movement’s nonviolence, arguing Blacks should defend themselves “by any means necessary.”
1963: Malcolm mentored Louis X (later known as Louis Farrakhan) who eventually became the leader of the Nation of Islam.
1963: Malcolm concerned Elijah Muhammad had affairs with young NOI secretaries as well as child rape charges, against Islamic teachings.
1963: Malcolm comments after Kennedy assassination, “Chickens coming home to roost never did make me sad; they make me glad.”
1964: Daughter #4 Gamilah Lumumba born.
1964: Malcolm X blocked by Elijah Muhammad when he advocating NOI work with civil rights organizations and religious groups.
1964: Malcolm completes Hajj after Prince Faisal designated him a state guest, becomes “el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz.”
1964: Malcolm said seeing Muslims of “all colors” interacting as equals led him to see Islam as means by which racism could be overcome.
1964: Malcolm becomes target of New York City Police Department surveillance; undercover officers infiltrate Nation of Islam.
1964: Malcolm splits with NOI and its leader Elijah Muhammad to practice Sunni Islam, causing NOI death threats to begin.
1964: Malcolm discovered explosive device in his car in assassination attempt and continued death threats from NOI supporters.
1964: Malcolm inspired Muhammad Ali to join NOI. When Malcolm left NOI, Ali refused to leave with him and ended their relationship.
1964: Malcolm met Martin Luther King Jr. for the first and only time in Washington, D.C., as they attended debate on the Civil Rights bill.
1964: Malcolm gave a speech titled “The Ballot or the Bullet,” in which he advised African Americans to exercise their right to vote but added if government continued to prevent African Americans from attaining full equality, it might be necessary to take up arms.
1964: Malcolm poses in Ebony magazine holding a M1 carbine while peering out his living room window in defiance of these threats.
1965: Malcolm sued by NOI to reclaim home in Queens and family ordered to vacate, but then eviction postponed. Home then burned.
1965: Malcolm assassinated in New York City.
1965: Twin daughters #5 & 6 Malikah and Malaak born after his death.
1965: Ruby Dee and Sidney Poitier’s wife Juanita established Committee of Concerned Mothers to raise money to support family.
1984: Malcolm Latif Shabazz, first grandson of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz, born in Paris through their daughter, Qubilah Shabazz.
1987: Three-year old Malcolm Latif Shabazz set fire to his shoes.
1991: Louise Helen Norton, Earl Little’s wife and mother of Malcolm X, dies at age 94.
1992:Malcolm X film debuted, produced by Spike Lee and starring Denzel Washington.
1992: Alex Haley, author of Roots and Attallah Shabazz’s godfather, passes away.
1993: Malcolm Latif Shabazz often stayed with his grandmother Betty, now in Yonkers, due to the absence of his mother Qubilah.
1993: Nine-year old Malcolm Latif Shabazz set brought a knife to school in the third grade.
1994: Ten-year old Malcolm Latif Shabazz suffered from delusions and was hospitalized for a short time.
1995: Qubilah charged with trying to hire an assassin to kill Louis Farrakhan. She was required to undergo treatment for drug abuse.
1996: Malcolm moved to San Antonio to be with Qubilah in December 1996 in San Antonio, where she was undergoing treatment.
1996: Qubilah married, then husband left. Malcolm and his mother began to fight, sometimes physically.
1997: Qubilah called the police saying she wanted Malcolm committed to psychiatric hospital.
1997: Twelve-year old Malcolm was released from psychiatric hospital, set for foster care, but instead returned to New York with grandmother Betty. He started a fire in grandmother Betty’s apartment. She suffered burns over 80 percent of her body and died. Malcolm captured by police ‘wandering the streets, barefoot and reeking of gasoline.’ Described as psychotic and schizophrenic.
1998: Malcolm represented in court by Democratic leaders David Dinkins and Percy Sutton .He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 18 months of juvenile detention in Pittsfield, MA for manslaughter and arson.
Photo: Malcolm Latif Shabazz reflects beside a portrait of his grandfather, Malcolm X, c. 2010.
2000: Malcolm transferred to treatment center in Yonkers where he tried to escape repeatedly; transferred to Valhalla, N.Y. and escaped. He was recaptured immediately and sentenced to an additional four years.
2003: Malcolm interviewed by New York Times said he had only “made up” a story about hearing voices in childhood “to get attention”
2001: Malcolm released from prison and then arrested in 2002 for stealing $100. Sentenced to three more years in prison.
2005: Malcolm released and then arrested again for punching a hole in a store’s glass window..
2010: Malcolm made the Hajj to Mecca and later converted to Shia Islam.
2013: Malcolm arrested by the FBI while en route to Iran. Shabazz family confirmed arrest but denied FBI or Iranian involvement.
2013: Malcolm murdered in Mexico City at the age 28, probably for dispute over a $1,200 bar tab for drinks and ‘female companionship.’ Malcolm’s three Mexican killers sentenced to — and were serving — terms of 27 years for murder but then released on appeal.
2021: Two NOI gunmen conviction vacated. Three of Malcolm X’s daughters attend press conference seeking closure for assassination.
2023: Members of Malcolm X’s family said they would file a $100 million wrongful death lawsuit against the CIA, the FBI, the NYPD.
