Understanding White Privilege: A Call to Awareness
New York, N.Y. As thought leaders and global citizens, we find ourselves at a pivotal moment in history where the recognition and understanding of white privilege have become imperative. White privilege refers to the inherent advantages that individuals with white skin experience in societies that have historically favored whiteness. This concept, while uncomfortable for many, is crucial to address if we are to foster a more just and equitable world.
Our journey towards comprehending white privilege began with a commitment to listen, learn, and reflect on our own experiences and biases. We have come to understand that white privilege is not about individual guilt but about systemic structures that benefit some while disadvantaging others. It is a lens through which we can better understand the pervasive inequalities that exist in our societies.
We recognize that white privilege manifests in numerous ways. From the ease of navigating public spaces without fear of harassment to the implicit trust granted in professional settings, these unearned advantages often go unnoticed by those who benefit from them. This lack of awareness perpetuates a cycle of inequality, making it essential for us to shine a light on these disparities.
As global citizens, we have a responsibility to educate ourselves and others about the realities of white privilege. This involves acknowledging that our societal systems—education, law enforcement, healthcare, and more—are often skewed in favor of white individuals. By understanding this, we can begin to challenge and change the structures that uphold these disparities.
Our efforts to address white privilege extend beyond personal reflection.
We actively engage in dialogues and initiatives that promote awareness and change. These conversations are not easy; they require humility, empathy, and a willingness to confront uncomfortable truths. However, we believe that it is through these discussions that we can pave the way for a more equitable future.
In our roles as thought leaders, we strive to create spaces where these conversations can happen. We encourage open dialogue and provide resources for learning and unlearning. We support policies and practices that aim to dismantle systemic racism and promote inclusivity. By doing so, we hope to inspire others to take similar steps in their own lives and communities.
One of the most important aspects of addressing white privilege is recognizing the intersectionality of oppression. Different forms of discrimination—be it based on race, gender, sexuality, or socioeconomic status—are interconnected and often compound the effects of one another. Understanding this complexity allows us to approach the issue of white privilege with a more comprehensive and inclusive perspective.
Our advocacy work involves amplifying the voices of marginalized communities and supporting their leadership. We believe that those who experience the brunt of systemic inequalities are best positioned to lead the way in creating solutions. By listening to and elevating these voices, we can ensure that our efforts are grounded in the lived experiences of those most affected.
We also recognize that dismantling white privilege requires ongoing action and commitment.
It is not a one-time effort but a continuous journey of growth and change. This means staying informed, challenging our own biases, and holding ourselves and others accountable. It involves supporting movements and organizations that work towards racial justice and equity.
Through our collective efforts, we aim to contribute to a society where everyone, regardless of their race, has equal opportunities to thrive. We envision a world where privilege, in the words of MLK, is not determined by the color of one’s skin but by the content of one’s character and the contributions one makes to the community.
As we move forward, we remain committed to the cause of equity and justice. By understanding and addressing white privilege, we can help build a world that is fairer, more inclusive, and more compassionate. This is our responsibility as thought leaders and global citizens, and it is a mission we undertake with dedication and hope.
New York, N.Y. We hold Kim Yuna in high regard, not only for her unparalleled achievements in figure skating but also for her role as a thought leader and global citizen. Born on September 5, 1990, Kim Yuna’s journey from a young, talented skater to an Olympic gold medalist and influential public figure is a testament to her dedication, grace, and unwavering commitment to excellence.
Kim Yuna captured the world’s attention at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, where she won the gold medal in figure skating at the age of 19. Her performance was nothing short of spectacular, earning the highest scores ever given under the International Skating Union Judging System at the time. We were in awe of her technical precision, artistic expression, and the sheer elegance with which she glided across the ice. Her victory was a proud moment for South Korea and a significant milestone in the history of the sport.
What sets Kim Yuna apart is not just her athletic prowess but also her ability to inspire and connect with people globally. We admire how she has used her platform to advocate for various causes and bring attention to important issues. Her involvement in charitable activities and her role as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadorreflect her deep sense of responsibility and compassion. Kim Yuna’s efforts to promote education, support children in need, and advocate for disaster relief demonstrate her commitment to making a positive impact beyond the rink.
Kim Yuna’s influence extends to her role as a cultural icon.
Her success has inspired countless young athletes, particularly in South Korea, to pursue their dreams in figure skating and other sports. We appreciate how she has broken barriers and set new standards, showing that with hard work, determination, and passion, anything is possible. Her story resonates with many, encouraging them to strive for excellence and overcome challenges in their own lives.
One of the most remarkable aspects of Kim Yuna’s career is her resilience.
Despite facing immense pressure and expectations, she consistently delivered outstanding performances. Her ability to remain composed and focused under such circumstances is truly commendable. We are inspired by her perseverance and mental fortitude, qualities that are essential not only in sports but in all areas of life.
Kim Yuna’s influence is also evident in the way she has elevated the sport of figure skating. Her performances have set new benchmarks for technical difficulty and artistic expression, pushing the boundaries of what is possible on the ice. We are grateful for her contributions to the sport, which have inspired a new generation of skaters to push their limits and innovate. Her legacy is one of excellence and continuous improvement, reminding us that there is always room for growth and innovation.
Off the ice, Kim Yuna has continued to be a role model and advocate for positive change. Her involvement in promoting sports and healthy lifestyles, as well as her support for various philanthropic initiatives, highlight her multifaceted contributions to society. We admire her for using her influence to inspire others and make a difference in the world.
Kim Yuna’s journey has not been without its challenges.
From injuries to the intense scrutiny of the public eye, she has faced numerous obstacles with grace and determination. Her ability to overcome these challenges and emerge stronger is a testament to her character and resilience. We are inspired by her strength and her unwavering commitment to her goals, qualities that serve as a powerful example for all of us.
We celebrate Kim Yuna’s remarkable achievements and her ongoing contributions to society. Her story is one of triumph, resilience, and the power of dedication. We are proud to support and honor her as she continues to inspire and influence people around the world. Kim Yuna’s legacy extends far beyond her Olympic gold medal; it is a legacy of excellence, compassion, and the relentless pursuit of greatness.
Tags: Kim Yuna, figure skating, Olympic gold medalist, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, South Korean athlete, sports icon, resilience, cultural icon, philanthropy
New York, N.Y. As global citizens and advocates for ethical treatment, we hold International Animal Rights Day close to our hearts. Celebrated annually on December 10th, this day is a powerful reminder of our duty to stand up for those who cannot speak for themselves. Originating from the Universal Declaration of Animal Rights proclaimed in 1998, International Animal Rights Day aligns with Human Rights Day, emphasizing that compassion and justice should extend to all sentient beings.
International Animal Rights Day serves as a platform to reflect on the progress made in animal welfare and to renew our commitment to ending cruelty. It is a day when we unite with activists, organizations, and individuals worldwide to amplify the message that animals deserve respect and protection. This collective action is crucial in creating a world where animals are no longer exploited or abused.
We admire the numerous organizations and activists who dedicate their lives to this cause. Groups like PETA, the Humane Society, and World Animal Protection have made significant strides in raising awareness and implementing change. Their campaigns and educational initiatives have shed light on the often-overlooked suffering of animals in industries such as agriculture, entertainment, fashion, and research. By exposing these injustices, they have mobilized public support and driven legislative reforms.
On International Animal Rights Day, we are reminded of the power of education in transforming societal attitudes.
Knowledge is a vital tool in our mission to protect animals. By educating people about the realities of animal cruelty and the benefits of compassionate living, we can inspire them to make ethical choices. Whether it’s adopting a plant-based diet, choosing cruelty-free products, or supporting animal-friendly policies, every action counts.
We also acknowledge the importance of grassroots activism.
Local animal rights groups and individual advocates play a crucial role in driving change from the ground up. Their tireless efforts to organize events, protests, and awareness campaigns create a ripple effect that influences communities and shifts cultural norms. International Animal Rights Day is an opportunity to celebrate these unsung heroes and their contributions to the movement.
Legislation is another critical aspect of animal rights advocacy.
On this day, we recognize the progress made in enacting laws that protect animals from harm. From banning animal testing for cosmetics to outlawing cruel practices in factory farming, these legal victories are milestones in our journey towards a more compassionate world. However, we also acknowledge the work that remains. Strengthening existing laws and advocating for new ones is essential in ensuring comprehensive protection for all animals.
International Animal Rights Day also highlights the intersectionality of social justice movements.
The fight for animal rights is intrinsically linked to other causes such as environmental conservation, public health, and human rights. By advocating for animals, we are also promoting sustainable practices, reducing environmental degradation, and fostering a more just and equitable society. This interconnectedness reinforces the idea that compassion and justice should be universal principles guiding our actions.
We take this day to honor the legacy of pioneers in the animal rights movement.
Visionaries like Peter Singer, who authored “Animal Liberation,” and Tom Regan, known for his work on animal rights philosophy, have laid the groundwork for contemporary advocacy. Their scholarly contributions have challenged us to rethink our relationship with animals and recognize their intrinsic value. We owe much of our progress to their pioneering efforts and intellectual rigor.
Technology and innovation have also played a pivotal role in advancing animal rights.
The rise of plant-based and lab-grown meat alternatives, for instance, offers a glimpse into a future where animals are no longer exploited for food. These innovations not only provide ethical options but also address pressing issues such as climate change and food security. International Animal Rights Day is a time to celebrate these advancements and advocate for their widespread adoption.
As we commemorate International Animal Rights Day, we are filled with hope and determination.
The journey towards animal liberation is long and fraught with challenges, but the progress made thus far inspires us to keep pushing forward. By uniting our voices and efforts, we can create a world where all beings are treated with the respect and compassion they deserve. This day serves as a beacon, guiding us towards a future where justice and empathy prevail.
Tags: International Animal Rights Day, animal rights, animal welfare, PETA, Humane Society, World Animal Protection, grassroots activism, Peter Singer, Tom Regan, plant-based innovation, animal legislation, social justice
A balanced approach that incorporates elements of both frameworks can help societies navigate the complexities of cultural interactions. For instance, policies that promote cultural recognition and preservation can be complemented by initiatives that encourage cross-cultural dialogue and collaboration.
New York, N.Y. In an increasingly interconnected world, the concepts of multiculturalism and polyculturalism play crucial roles in shaping societal attitudes towards diversity. While often used interchangeably, these terms represent distinct frameworks for understanding and managing cultural diversity. This essay explores the differences between multiculturalism and polyculturalism, highlighting their theoretical foundations, practical implications, and the challenges they pose to contemporary societies.
Theoretical Foundations
Multiculturalism is a framework that recognizes and celebrates the existence of multiple distinct cultures within a society. It emphasizes the importance of preserving and respecting the unique traditions, languages, and practices of different cultural groups. Rooted in the belief that cultural diversity enriches society, multiculturalism promotes the idea that all cultures should coexist peacefully and be given equal status and opportunities. This approach is often linked to policies that support cultural preservation and promote intercultural understanding.
In contrast, polyculturalism challenges the notion of distinct, static cultural boundaries. It posits that cultures are not isolated entities but are constantly interacting, influencing, and blending with one another. Polyculturalism emphasizes the dynamic and fluid nature of cultural identities, suggesting that individuals can simultaneously belong to multiple cultural traditions. This perspective encourages a more integrative approach to diversity, focusing on the commonalities and shared experiences that arise from cultural interactions.
Practical Implications
The practical implications of multiculturalism are evident in policies and practices aimed at promoting cultural recognition and equality. Multicultural societies often implement measures such as bilingual education, cultural festivals, and anti-discrimination laws to ensure that minority groups are respected and included. For example, Canada’s official multiculturalism policy, established in 1971, promotes the idea that all citizens can keep their identities, take pride in their ancestry, and have a sense of belonging. Such policies are designed to protect cultural heritage and foster social cohesion by acknowledging and valuing diversity.
Polyculturalism, on the other hand, encourages a more integrative approach that focuses on the interconnectedness of cultural experiences. Instead of emphasizing cultural preservation, polyculturalism highlights the ways in which cultural practices evolve through interaction and exchange. This perspective is reflected in initiatives that promote cultural hybridity and fusion. For instance, urban areas with diverse populations often become melting pots where new cultural expressions emerge, such as fusion cuisine, blended musical genres, and hybrid fashion trends. Polyculturalism thus celebrates the creativity and innovation that result from cultural mixing.
Challenges and Criticisms
Despite their positive intentions, both multiculturalism and polyculturalism face challenges and criticisms. Multiculturalism is sometimes criticized for promoting a form of cultural separatism. Critics argue that by emphasizing distinct cultural identities, multiculturalism can inadvertently reinforce divisions and hinder social integration. For example, policies that focus on preserving cultural traditions might limit interactions between different cultural groups, leading to parallel societies rather than a cohesive community. Additionally, multiculturalism can sometimes struggle to address power imbalances and systemic inequalities within society.
Polyculturalism, while promoting cultural interaction, can be criticized for downplaying the importance of cultural distinctiveness. By focusing on the fluidity and interconnectedness of cultures, polyculturalism may overlook the need to address specific historical injustices and structural disadvantages faced by certain cultural groups. Moreover, the emphasis on cultural blending might lead to concerns about cultural appropriation, where elements of a minority culture are adopted by the dominant culture in ways that are disrespectful or exploitative.
Moving Forward
In moving forward, it is essential to recognize that both multiculturalism and polyculturalism offer valuable insights into managing cultural diversity. A balanced approach that incorporates elements of both frameworks can help societies navigate the complexities of cultural interactions. For instance, policies that promote cultural recognition and preservation can be complemented by initiatives that encourage cross-cultural dialogue and collaboration.
Educational systems play a crucial role in fostering an inclusive society that values both cultural distinctiveness and interconnectedness. Incorporating multicultural and polycultural perspectives into curricula can help students appreciate the richness of cultural diversity while also understanding the ways in which cultures influence one another. Additionally, promoting intercultural competence and empathy can prepare individuals to engage with diverse cultural experiences in respectful and meaningful ways.
While multiculturalism and polyculturalism offer different perspectives on cultural diversity, both contribute to the broader goal of creating inclusive and harmonious societies. By recognizing the strengths and limitations of each framework, societies can develop more nuanced and effective approaches to managing cultural diversity. Embracing the dynamic interplay between distinct cultural identities and shared human experiences can pave the way for a more interconnected and resilient global community.
Psychologist Richard Ryder coined the term “speciesism” in 1971, referring to a prejudice in favor of the interests of humans and against other species. He called the assumption that humans are in a totally different moral category than other species “sheer superstition” and concluded that “it may come to pass that enlightened minds may one day abhor ‘speciesism’ as much as they now detest ‘racism’. The illogicality in both forms of prejudice is of an identical sort.” Peter Singer made the concept the heart of his seminal work Animal Liberation.
Justin Trudeau’s leadership inspires confidence in a future that is brighter, fairer, and more inclusive. His efforts to address the most pressing issues of our time, from climate change to social inequality, demonstrate a profound commitment to the well-being of all Canadians. As we look ahead, Trudeau’s vision and values position Canada to continue thriving as a leader in the global community.
Toronto, Canada. As Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau has consistently championed a progressive vision for the country, driving significant social and economic reforms that reflect his commitment to inclusivity, sustainability, and global cooperation. His leadership has been instrumental in navigating Canada through some of its most challenging times while also positioning it as a leader on the world stage.
See where Justin Trudeau falls on the Stewardship Spectrum™ which places leaders on a continuum between Very Good and Evil.
A Commitment to Diversity and Inclusion
From the onset of his political career, Trudeau has been a vocal advocate for diversity and inclusion. His government’s policies reflect a profound commitment to multiculturalism, gender equality, and the rights of Indigenous peoples. By appointing a gender-balanced cabinet and introducing progressive legislation aimed at combating discrimination, Trudeau has set a powerful example for the world. His approach acknowledges that a diverse society is not only fairer but also stronger and more innovative.
Photo: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, July 2017. Credit: 2017 Canada Summer Games, Government of Canada.
Champion of Climate Action
Under Trudeau’s leadership, Canada has made significant strides in addressing climate change. His government has introduced ambitious environmental policies, including the national carbon pricing plan and substantial investments in clean energy projects. Trudeau’s commitment to the Paris Agreement and his efforts to balance economic growth with environmental stewardship highlight his vision of a sustainable future. His administration’s actions underscore the belief that economic prosperity and environmental protection are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary goals.
Economic Reforms and Social Welfare
Trudeau’s economic policies have aimed to create a more equitable society. His government has implemented measures such as the Canada Child Benefit, which has lifted numerous families out of poverty, and made substantial investments in affordable housing and public infrastructure. Trudeau’s approach to economic reform is centered on the principle that growth should benefit everyone, not just the privileged few. His policies strive to reduce income inequality and provide opportunities for all Canadians to thrive.
Leadership During Crisis
Trudeau’s leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic has been marked by decisive action and compassion. His government’s response included significant financial support for individuals and businesses affected by the pandemic, ensuring that the most vulnerable were protected. Trudeau’s emphasis on science-based decision-making and his clear communication with the public helped navigate the country through a period of unprecedented uncertainty. His handling of the crisis has reinforced his reputation as a leader who is both empathetic and effective.
Global Statesmanship
On the international stage, Trudeau has worked to restore Canada’s reputation as a cooperative and compassionate global player. His advocacy for human rights, support for international development, and commitment to multilateralism have strengthened Canada’s relationships with allies and partners. Trudeau’s stance on issues such as refugees, trade, and international aid reflects a belief in global solidarity and the importance of Canada’s role in addressing global challenges.
We recognize Justin Trudeau’s steadfast dedication to building a more inclusive, sustainable, and equitable Canada. His progressive policies, compassionate leadership, and unwavering commitment to democratic values make him an exemplary leader for our time. Trudeau’s vision for Canada is one where every citizen has the opportunity to succeed, where the environment is protected for future generations, and where Canada continues to be a beacon of hope and justice on the world stage.
New York, N.Y. Nestled in the East River between Manhattan and Queens, Roosevelt Island is a unique enclave with a rich history and a vibrant community spirit. The celebration of July Fourth on Roosevelt Island has evolved into a cherished tradition, reflecting the island’s distinctive character and the broader narrative of American independence.
Early History and Development
Originally known as Blackwell’s Island, and later Welfare Island, Roosevelt Island has a storied past that includes roles as a site for hospitals, asylums, and prisons. It was renamed in honor of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1973 and subsequently developed into a residential community. The transformation of Roosevelt Island into a livable and thriving community set the stage for the island to host various cultural and social events, including the Fourth of July celebrations.
Video: Jim Luce.
The Beginnings of July Fourth Celebrations
In the early years of Roosevelt Island’s development as a residential community, the Fourth of July was a relatively modest affair, with residents hosting small gatherings and local activities. As the community grew, so did the scale and ambition of the celebrations. The island’s picturesque setting, with its stunning views of the Manhattan skyline and the East River, made it an ideal location for larger events.
A Unique Celebration
One of the highlights of July Fourth on Roosevelt Island is the annual fireworks display. For many years, residents and visitors have flocked to the island’s waterfront to enjoy a spectacular view of the Macy’s Fourth of July Fireworks, which are launched from barges on the East River. The island’s parks and promenades provide perfect vantage points for watching the dazzling display of pyrotechnics against the backdrop of the city.
The celebration is more than just fireworks, though. Roosevelt Island hosts a variety of activities and events throughout the day, including family-friendly games, live music performances, and food vendors offering a diverse array of culinary delights. The community spirit is palpable as residents and visitors come together to celebrate the nation’s independence.
Community Involvement and Tradition
The Fourth of July celebrations on Roosevelt Island are characterized by strong community involvement. Local organizations, residents’ associations, and volunteers play a significant role in organizing and executing the festivities. This grassroots involvement ensures that the celebrations are inclusive, reflecting the diverse and multicultural fabric of the island’s population.
Bix and Jim Luce during the July Fourth fireworks on Roosevelt Island, New York, 2023.
Over the years, traditions have developed that are unique to Roosevelt Island. For example, the annual parade, where children and families decorate their bicycles, scooters, and strollers in patriotic colors, has become a beloved part of the festivities. This parade, coupled with various interactive activities, fosters a sense of community and belonging among the island’s residents.
Impact and Significance
The July Fourth celebrations on Roosevelt Island have grown in significance over the years, drawing attention not only from the local community but also from New Yorkers citywide. The event showcases the island’s charm and highlights its role as a vibrant and integral part of New York City.
Moreover, these celebrations serve as a reminder of the island’s transformation and its enduring spirit. From its days as an institutional site to its current status as a thriving residential community, Roosevelt Island’s evolution mirrors the broader themes of resilience and renewal that are central to the American story.
Conclusion
The history of July Fourth on Roosevelt Island is a testament to the island’s unique identity and community spirit. The celebrations, marked by fireworks, festivities, and strong community involvement, reflect the island’s transformation and its place within the larger narrative of New York City. As the island continues to grow and evolve, the Fourth of July will remain a cherished tradition, symbolizing both the history and the ongoing vitality of Roosevelt Island.
His steadfast commitment to defending Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity has garnered admiration and support from around the globe. Zelensky’s leadership during the Russian invasion has been particularly commendable; he has remained in Kyiv, leading from the front, and consistently rallying his people and the international community to stand against aggression.
New York, N.Y. In the heart of Europe, Ukraine stands as a testament to the indomitable spirit of its people, led by President Volodymyr Zelensky. As the world watches, Zelensky has emerged not just as a national leader but as a global symbol of resilience, determination, and democratic values.
Volodymyr Zelenskyy visited Bucha. April 4, 2022. He noted, what the Russian occupiers did to this modern town is genocide. Credit: Government of Ukraine.
A Transformative Leader
Volodymyr Zelensky’s journey to the presidency is nothing short of extraordinary.
From his early days as a comedian and actor to his role as the star of the television series “Servant of the People,” Zelensky captivated the Ukrainian populace with his charisma and promise of change. His landslide victory in the 2019 presidential election was a clear mandate for a new era of leadership—one that would break from the past and tackle corruption, reform governance, and steer Ukraine towards a brighter future.
Champion of Democracy
In office, Zelensky has faced unprecedented challenges, particularly in navigating the complex geopolitical landscape and the ongoing conflict with Russia. His steadfast commitment to defending Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity has garnered admiration and support from around the globe. Zelensky’s leadership during the Russian invasion has been particularly commendable; he has remained in Kyiv, leading from the front, and consistently rallying his people and the international community to stand against aggression.
Advocate for Reform
Beyond his role as a wartime leader, Zelensky is also a vigorous advocate for democratic reform. His administration has implemented critical anti-corruption measures, sought to enhance judicial independence, and pursued economic reforms aimed at fostering growth and stability. Despite facing significant opposition and numerous challenges, Zelensky’s dedication to transforming Ukraine into a transparent, accountable, and prosperous nation remains unwavering.
Photo: President Joe Biden walks with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, December 2022, in the White House. Credit: Official White House Photo by Adam Schultz.
Global Statesman
Zelensky’s impact extends far beyond Ukraine’s borders. He has effectively used diplomacy to strengthen ties with Western nations, securing crucial military and economic aid. His appeals to global leaders and institutions underscore his vision of Ukraine as a key player in the international community, committed to democratic principles and the rule of law. Zelensky’s ability to garner international support and solidarity has been instrumental in Ukraine’s ongoing resistance against external threats.
Inspiring Leadership
At the core of Zelensky’s leadership is his deep connection with the Ukrainian people. He has harnessed the power of communication, leveraging social media and direct engagement to maintain transparency and build trust. His speeches, often delivered with a blend of urgency and hope, resonate deeply, inspiring not just Ukrainians but people worldwide who value freedom and democracy.
As we look to the future, Volodymyr Zelensky’s leadership stands as a beacon of hope and resilience.
His unwavering commitment to democratic values, his courageous stance against oppression, and his relentless pursuit of reform make him an exemplary leader not just for Ukraine but for the world. In endorsing Zelensky, we recognize the profound impact of his leadership and the critical role he plays in shaping a more just and democratic global order.
In these turbulent times, Volodymyr Zelensky embodies the courage, integrity, and vision that are essential for overcoming adversity and building a brighter future. His leadership inspires us all to stand firm in our convictions, to fight for what is right, and to believe in the power of democracy and unity.
Rockefeller Republicans vs. Donald Trump’s MAGA Forces
New York, N.Y.Rockefeller Republicans, a faction of the Republican Party that emerged in the mid-20th century, were known for their moderate to liberal views on social and economic issues. They supported government intervention in the economy, social welfare programs, and environmental protection. Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States, represents a stark contrast to Rockefeller Republicans. He is a conservative populist who has implemented policies that favor deregulation, tax cuts for the wealthy, and a reduction in the size of government.
In the Not-so-distant Past, Rockefeller Republicans (including Eisenhower, Reagan, Nixon, Bush Sr., Bush Jr.):
Believed in a strong role for government in the economy and society
Supported social welfare programs such as Social Security and Medicare
Advocated for environmental protection and conservation
Supported international cooperation and diplomacy
Believed in a moderate foreign policy
Donald Trump, on the Other Hand:
Believes in a limited role for government in the economy and society
Has implemented tax cuts that primarily benefit the wealthy
Has rolled back environmental regulations
Has pursued an “America First” foreign policy that emphasizes unilateralism and protectionism
As a Democrat who dislikes Rockefeller Republicans but views MAGA Republicans as an existential threat to our democracy, I have witnessed firsthand the struggles within our political system. In 1992, Hank Luce and Larry Rockefeller bankrolled our attempt to identify Rockefeller Republicans to support a primary challenge to then-incumbent U.S. Senator Alfonse D’Amato. I would have been the candidate if we could muster support. We could not. But I experienced so much on the front lines of our political system.
This experience highlighted the vast differences within the Republican Party and underscored the importance of moderate voices in preserving the democratic values that we hold dear. The stark contrast between the ideals of Rockefeller Republicans and the agenda of Donald Trump’s MAGA movement demonstrates the shifting landscape of American politics and the need for vigilance in protecting our democracy.
#RockefellerRepublicans, #MAGAThreat, #GOPDivide
TAGS: Rockefeller Republicans, Donald Trump, GOP, U.S. Politics, Political History, Moderate Republicans, MAGA Movement, Political Ideologies, American Democracy
Photo: French President Emmanuel Macron delivers remarks during the State Dinner in honor of Macron’s visit, Dec. 1, 2022, on the South Lawn of the White House. Credit: Official White House Photo/Cameron Smith.
Indiana Glass Works. Midnight, August 1908. Photographer: Hine, Lewis. Original public domain image from FlickrClosing hour, Saturday noon, at Dallas Mill. Every child in photo, so far as I was able to ascertain, works in that mill, November 1910. Photographer: Hine, Lewis. Original public domain image from Flickr
Throughout his career, Chuck Schumer has been a mentor to many young politicians and activists, encouraging them to engage in public service and advocacy. His commitment to fostering new leadership reflects his belief in the importance of a vibrant and inclusive political system.
New York, N.Y. When I reflect on the leaders who have profoundly impacted American politics and society, Chuck Schumer stands out as a paragon of dedicated public service and legislative acumen. His career, marked by unwavering commitment to progressive values and effective governance, highlights his role as a thought leader and global citizen. Schumer’s influence on policy, his ability to navigate complex political landscapes, and his dedication to representing his constituents have cemented his legacy as a transformative figure in American politics.
Born on November 23, 1950, in Brooklyn, New York, Chuck Schumer’s early life was rooted in the values of hard work and community. He excelled academically, attending Harvard College and Harvard Law School, where he developed a deep understanding of the legal and political systems. Schumer’s entry into public service began shortly after his graduation when he was elected to the New York State Assembly at the age of 23. This early start set the tone for a career defined by a relentless pursuit of justice and equity.
Schumer’s rise in politics continued with his election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1980, where he served for eighteen years. During his tenure in the House, Schumer established himself as a pragmatic and effective legislator. He was instrumental in passing significant legislation, including measures to address crime, gun control, and consumer protection. His work on the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, which instituted federal background checks on firearm purchasers, showcased his ability to tackle contentious issues with a focus on public safety and common sense.
Photo: President Joe Biden, joined by Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., speaks to the press and departs the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, July 14, 2021, en route to the White House. Credit: Official White House Photo by Adam Schultz.
In 1998, Schumer was elected to the U.S. Senate, representing New York. His transition to the Senate marked the beginning of a new chapter in his career, where he would become known for his strategic leadership and his commitment to progressive causes. Schumer’s tenure in the Senate has been characterized by his ability to build coalitions and navigate the complexities of legislative processes to achieve meaningful outcomes.
One of Schumer’s most significant achievements in the Senate has been his advocacy for healthcare reform. As a staunch supporter of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), Schumer played a crucial role in its passage and subsequent defense against numerous repeal attempts. The ACA has provided millions of Americans with access to affordable healthcare, a testament to Schumer’s dedication to ensuring that every citizen has the right to medical care. His work in this area reflects his broader commitment to social justice and equity.
As a global citizen, he has consistently advocated for a foreign policy that promotes human rights, democracy, and international cooperation. Schumer has been a vocal supporter of strong U.S.-Israel relations, emphasizing the importance of a secure and democratic Israel in the Middle East. He has also advocated for comprehensive immigration reform, recognizing the contributions of immigrants to the United States and the need for a humane and fair immigration system.
In addition to his legislative achievements, Schumer’s role as Senate Majority Leader has been pivotal in shaping the direction of the U.S. Congress. Elected to this position in 2021, Schumer has faced the immense challenge of navigating a deeply divided Senate. His ability to manage diverse viewpoints and foster bipartisan cooperation has been instrumental in advancing key pieces of legislation, including COVID-19 relief packages and infrastructure investments. Schumer’s leadership during the pandemic, in particular, demonstrated his commitment to addressing urgent national crises with decisive action.
One of the hallmarks of Schumer’s career is his dedication to constituent service.
Known for his accessibility and responsiveness, Schumer has made it a priority to stay connected with the people of New York. His annual tradition of visiting all 62 counties in the state underscores his commitment to understanding and addressing the unique needs of his constituents. This grassroots approach has endeared him to many New Yorkers and has ensured that their voices are heard in Washington, D.C.
Schumer’s influence also extends to his mentorship of the next generation of leaders.
Throughout his career, he has been a mentor to many young politicians and activists, encouraging them to engage in public service and advocacy. His commitment to fostering new leadership reflects his belief in the importance of a vibrant and inclusive political system.
As I consider Chuck Schumer’s impact on American politics, I am struck by his resilience and adaptability. He has navigated the changing tides of political landscapes with a steadfast commitment to his core values of justice, equity, and public service. His ability to achieve legislative victories, even in the face of significant opposition, speaks to his strategic brilliance and determination.
Schumer’s career is a testament to the power of dedicated public service and the impact that one individual can have on the lives of millions. His work has improved healthcare access, enhanced public safety, and promoted social justice, leaving a lasting legacy that will continue to shape the United States for generations to come. As a thought leader and global citizen, Chuck Schumer exemplifies the principles of effective leadership, advocacy, and a commitment to the common good.
In a time when the political landscape is often marked by division and discord, Schumer’s leadership offers a beacon of hope and a reminder of the importance of perseverance, collaboration, and a steadfast commitment to justice. His life and career inspire us to engage in public service, advocate for what is right, and work towards a more equitable and just society.
Photo: Minority Leader Jeffries with Ukrainian President Zelensky, Sept. 2023. Credit: Office of Rep. Hakeem Jeffries.
New York, N.Y. Hakeem Jeffries has emerged as one of the most dynamic and influential leaders in American politics today. As I’ve followed his career over the years, we’ve been consistently impressed by his intellect, charisma, and unwavering commitment to public service.
Growing up in Brooklyn’s Crown Heights neighborhood, Jeffries was shaped by the vibrant culture and strong sense of community that defines the borough. The son of social workers, he learned early on the importance of giving back and fighting for social justice. These values, instilled in him from a young age, have remained at the core of his political philosophy throughout his career.
Jeffries’ educational journey is a testament to his brilliance and work ethic.
After graduating from Binghamton University with a degree in political science, he went on to earn a master’s in public policy from Georgetown and a law degree from NYU. This rigorous academic background equipped him with the knowledge and skills to tackle complex policy issues and navigate the intricacies of the legislative process.
What truly sets Jeffries apart, in our view, is his ability to bridge diverse constituencies and build coalitions.
As a product of both the Black Baptist church and Brooklyn’s hip-hop culture, he brings a unique perspective to Congress that resonates with a wide range of Americans. His oratorical skills, honed in the church and infused with the rhythms of hip-hop, make him one of the most compelling communicators in politics today.
Since entering Congress in 2013, Jeffries has been a tireless advocate for his constituents and a rising star within the Democratic Party. His work on criminal justice reform, particularly the First Step Act, demonstrates his ability to work across the aisle to achieve meaningful change. As someone who believes in the power of bipartisan cooperation, we find this aspect of Jeffries’ leadership especially admirable.
Jeffries’ ascension to House Democratic Leader in 2023 was a historic moment, making him the first Black person to lead a major party in either chamber of Congress. This achievement is not just symbolic – it represents a significant step forward in ensuring that our nation’s leadership reflects the diversity of its people.
What impresses us most about Jeffries is his unwavering focus on delivering results for everyday Americans.
His mantra that “the D in Democrat stands for deliver” encapsulates his pragmatic approach to governance. From his efforts to lower costs for families to his advocacy for safer communities, Jeffries consistently puts the needs of his constituents first.
As a global citizen, Jeffries understands the interconnected nature of our world and the importance of American leadership on the international stage. His work on issues like expanding educational opportunities for Pakistani women demonstrates his commitment to promoting human rights and fostering cross-cultural understanding.
Looking to the future, we believe Hakeem Jeffries has the potential to shape American politics for years to come.
His blend of progressive values, pragmatic policymaking, and inclusive leadership style offers a compelling vision for the Democratic Party and the nation as a whole. As he continues to rise through the ranks of leadership, we’ll be watching with great interest to see how he navigates the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
In an era of heightened political polarization, leaders like Hakeem Jeffries give us hope for the future of American democracy. His ability to bring people together, his commitment to public service, and his unwavering belief in the promise of America make him a true thought leader for our times. As we face the complex challenges of the 21st century, we’re confident that Hakeem Jeffries will continue to play a crucial role in shaping a more just, equitable, and prosperous future for all Americans.
TAGS: Hakeem Jeffries, Democratic Party, U.S. House of Representatives, Brooklyn, New York politics, criminal justice reform, Congressional Black Caucus, progressive leadership, bipartisanship, social justice
Photo: Dead bodies on the field of Gettysburg, a crucial victory for the Union, July 1863.
War is abhorrent.
There were 360,000 Union and 258,000 Confederate deaths in our Civil War.
Justifying the casualties of the American Civil War through a moral argument involves weighing the profound human cost against the significant and lasting benefits achieved by the war. The following points present a moral framework for this justification:
Abolition of Slavery
Moral Imperative: The primary moral justification for the Civil War lies in the abolition of slavery. Slavery was a profound moral evil, subjecting millions of African Americans to unimaginable suffering, dehumanization, and brutality. The war ultimately led to the emancipation of these enslaved individuals, fulfilling a moral imperative to end this deeply unjust institution.
Human Dignity and Rights: By abolishing slavery, the Civil War affirmed the inherent dignity and rights of all individuals, regardless of race. This fundamental shift laid the groundwork for future civil rights advancements and the ongoing struggle for racial equality.
Preservation of the Union
National Integrity: The war preserved the United States as a unified nation, preventing the fragmentation and potential for increased conflict that could arise from secession. A stable, united country was necessary for ensuring the rule of law, democratic governance, and the protection of individual freedoms.
Foundation for Progress: The preservation of the Union enabled the United States to grow into a powerful and prosperous nation capable of advancing human rights, democracy, and economic development both domestically and globally.
Long-Term Benefits vs. Immediate Costs
Enduring Peace and Justice: While the war resulted in significant immediate casualties and suffering, the long-term benefits included a more just and equitable society. The end of slavery and the preservation of the Union set the stage for future progress and prosperity, outweighing the immediate human costs.
Moral Responsibility: The leaders and participants in the Civil War faced a moral responsibility to confront and resolve the profound injustices and existential threats to the nation. Failing to act against slavery and disunion would have perpetuated systemic injustices and potentially led to greater conflicts and suffering in the future.
Sacrifice and Legacy
Honoring Sacrifice: The sacrifices made by those who fought and died in the Civil War are honored by the enduring principles of freedom and equality that their actions helped to secure. Their legacy is reflected in the ongoing efforts to realize the full promise of these principles for all citizens.
Inspiration for Future Generations: The moral courage and determination demonstrated during the Civil War serve as an inspiration for future generations to continue striving for justice, equality, and the protection of human rights, even in the face of significant challenges and sacrifices.
While the casualties of the American Civil War were tragic and immense, they can be morally justified by the significant and lasting achievements of the war: the abolition of slavery, the preservation of the Union, and the promotion of human dignity and rights. These outcomes not only addressed immediate moral imperatives but also paved the way for a more just and equitable society, fulfilling a broader ethical vision for the nation and its future.
Photo: Pistol with Knotted Barrel Sculpture, United Nations. Credit: Photo by Maria Lysenko / Unsplash.
Pistol with Knotted Barrel
New York, N.Y.Swedish artist Non-Violence Sculpture made this sculpture after the murder of John Lennon, with whom Reuterswärd was acquainted. When learning of the murder he stayed up all night to work on the piece, inspired by the idea of making a knot on the firearm the murderer Mark David Chapman had used. Lennon was assassinated at the Dakota on Manhattan’s Upper West Side on December 8, 1980.
The oversized public version of the piece was planned for John Lennon’s memorial Strawberry Fields in Central Park. This sculpture was made 1984, but when the memorial was opened in 1985 Reuterswärd opted not to have it placed there, citing fears it would be stolen.
In 1988, the government of Luxembourg bought and donated it to the United Nations. The sculpture was moved right outside of the headquarters of the U.N. Here it was interpreted not only a memorial for John Lennon, but as a symbol against violence and war anywhere in the world.
Following the unveiling of the original sculpture, Reuterswärd did a range of replicas of Non Violence for places around the world, numbering about thirty sculptures. About half of these are in Sweden. Aside from the public pieces, Reuterswärd made plenty of variations of the sculpture in smaller or life sized scale.
Since 1993, the sculpture has been the symbol of The Non-Violence Project (NVPF), a nonprofit organization that promotes social change through violence-prevention education programs. In 2011, Ringo Starr unveiled his own brightly colored version ofThe Knotted Gun that he created. Later, more color versions were made by Paul McCartney, Yoko Ono and other celebrities.
Photo: Chinatown Gate in Boston, Massachusetts with American and Taiwanese flags. Credit: Bix Luce.
In the 1950s and 1960s, large parts of the neighborhood were demolished to make way for the construction of highways and public housing.
Boston, Mass. Boston’s Chinatown, a vibrant and culturally rich neighborhood, stands as a testament to the enduring spirit and resilience of its community. Its history is a tapestry of immigration, adaptation, and cultural preservation, reflecting broader trends in American history and the specific experiences of Chinese immigrants in Boston.
Early Beginnings
The roots of Boston’s Chinatown can be traced back to the late 19th century. The first Chinese immigrants arrived in the United States during the California Gold Rush of the 1840s and 1850s, later moving eastward to escape the intense anti-Chinese sentiment and economic competition on the West Coast. By the 1870s, a small but growing Chinese community began to take shape in Boston, primarily in the South Cove area, which offered affordable housing and business opportunities.
Photo: Chinatown Boston with Chinese flag. Credit: Photo by Chris Mok / Unsplash.
Growth and Development
Chinatown’s development was significantly influenced by the construction of the transcontinental railroad, which brought many Chinese laborers to the United States. After the completion of the railroad, many of these laborers sought new opportunities in urban centers across the country, including Boston. The community began to flourish with the establishment of family associations, businesses, and cultural institutions. Chinese laundries, grocery stores, and restaurants became the backbone of the neighborhood’s economy.
Challenges and Resilience
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 posed a severe challenge to the community, severely restricting immigration and making it difficult for families to reunite. Despite this, Chinatown managed to survive and even thrive, largely due to the strong networks of family associations and mutual aid societies that provided support and advocacy for residents.
The mid-20th century brought additional challenges, including urban renewal projects that threatened to displace the community. In the 1950s and 1960s, large parts of the neighborhood were demolished to make way for the construction of highways and public housing. The community mobilized to resist these changes, and their efforts were partially successful in preserving significant portions of Chinatown.
Cultural and Economic Renaissance
In recent decades, Boston’s Chinatown has experienced a cultural and economic renaissance. The lifting of immigration restrictions in 1965 brought a new wave of immigrants, revitalizing the community and contributing to its growth and diversity. Today, Chinatown is a bustling neighborhood that continues to celebrate its heritage while adapting to the modern urban landscape.
Photo: Ethan Hansen / Unsplash.
Chinatown’s streets are lined with restaurants offering diverse Chinese cuisines, shops selling traditional goods, and cultural institutions that promote Chinese arts and traditions. The neighborhood also hosts annual events such as the Chinese New Year Parade, which draws visitors from across the city and beyond.
Boston’s Chinatown is more than just a neighborhood; it is a living, breathing community that embodies the history, struggles, and triumphs of Chinese Americans in Boston. Its rich cultural heritage and dynamic evolution reflect the broader story of immigration and adaptation in America. As it continues to grow and change, Chinatown remains a vital part of Boston’s multicultural fabric.
John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi publish declassified documents from the U.S. Digital National Security that explore this little-known political coup in South America, entitled “The Overthrow of Cheddi Jagan in British Guiana.”
One of my mentors, Dr. Cheddi Jagan, was prime minister of Guyana. He had spent time in jail for defying the British colonial government in the early 1950’s and then been overthrown by America’s CIA in the early 1960’s.
New York, N.Y. One of my mentors, Dr. Cheddi Jagan, was prime minister of Guyana. He had spent time in jail for defying the British colonial government in the early 1950’s and then been overthrown by America’s CIAin the early 1960’s.
As I began to explore creating Orphans International Worldwide in the mid-1990’s, Cheddi invited me to create a Peace Corps-like structure to bring aid and expertise to Guyana.
In 2020, John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi published declassified documents from the U.S. Digital National Securitythat explored this little-known political coup in South America, entitled “The Overthrow of Cheddi Jagan in British Guiana” with excerpts below:
Cold War concerns about another Communist Cuba
Cold War concerns about another Communist Cuba in Latin America drove President John F. Kennedy to approve a covert CIA political campaign to rig national elections in British Guiana, then a British colony but soon to be independent, according to declassified documents posted today by the National Security Archive.
U.S. intelligence concluded that Prime Minister Cheddi Jagan, one of the main presidential candidates in the upcoming 1964 elections, was a Communist, although not necessarily under the sway of Moscow.
Nevertheless, Kennedy decided Jagan would have to go and urged London to cooperate in the effort. As early as mid-1962, JFK informed the British prime minister that the notion of an independent state led by Jagan “disturbs us seriously,” adding: “We must be entirely frank in saying that we simply cannot afford to see another Castro-type regime established in this Hemisphere. It follows that we should set as our objective an independent British Guiana under some other leader.”
Cheddi Jagan was a dentist. Born of Indian immigrants who arrived in British Guiana as indentured servants, Jagan studied in Georgetown, Guiana’s capital, Washington, D.C., and Chicago, where he completed training. He also met and married Janet Rosenberg in Chicago, returning to South America in 1943, at age 25.
Jagan’s background inclined him to Socialism from the beginning. In 1946 he founded a political action committee, which he merged with another group in 1950 to form the People’s Progressive Party (PPP).
Linden Forbes Burnham, the head of that other group, served initially as the new party’s leader and Janet Jagan as secretary. Jagan, already a member of the British-sponsored legislative council, obtained a PPP majority in 1953 elections and then led a Guianese government under British tutelage.
The British imprisoned Cheddi Jagan
Though there were no apparent links between Jagan and any Marxist party, the British government suspected and pressured him, and Jagan resigned after 150 days. The British abolished his office of chief minister and for seven years kept Guiana under military occupation. They made Jagan a political prisoner.
When released, Jagan was restricted to Georgetown, but nevertheless won the majority of seats in a new council elected in August 1957. Forbes Burnham took a faction out of the PPP to form the People’s National Congress (PNC) a few months later. But Jagan was the acknowledged national leader and in new elections, held in August 1961, the PPP again swept him to power. Cheddi Jagan became prime minister.
Already that March, a CIA estimate, anticipating those elections, predicted the PPP would probably get the nod to form a government, and said of Jagan that while he was not an acknowledged communist, his wife was, and his statements and actions bore the marks of communist influence.
This background shows the U.S. concerned with Jagan’s political orientation almost from the moment he emerged as Guianese leader, and it also introduces political competitor Forbes Burnham, who would become the CIA’s instrument against Cheddi Jagan in the project Kennedy mounted.
Indeed, on May 5, 1961, at a National Security Council (NSC) meeting which considered new covert actions against Cuba and the Dominican Republic, the group agreed to have its Cuba task force look for ways (in cooperation with London) to forestall a communist takeover of British Guiana.
The Guianese leader was aware that others harbored suspicions of him
Jagan arranged a visit to the United States and Great Britain for the end of October. The State Department announced he would meet with President Kennedy. The meeting was scheduled for October 25, and a briefing memo for the president was prepared. President and prime minister sparred at their meeting but no open break occurred, as Jagan represented himself as a socialist in the style of British politician Aneurin Bevan, though American participants found him evasive on matters of detail.
Secretary of State Dean Rusk wrote Lord Home calling for “remedial steps” to counter Jagan’s “Marxist-Leninist policy” and adding that “I have reached the conclusion that it is not possible for us to put up with an independent British Guiana under Jagan.” At the White House, Schlesinger countered that Cheddi Jagan was not a communist but a naïve “London School of Economics Marxist filled with charm.” British official views mirrored those Schlesinger expressed. London resisted moving against Jagan.
President Kennedy held in place for the moment, more impressed by the case put by London than by Foggy Bottom. The CIA acknowledged that Jagan was not under Soviet control but that the “PPP leadership” had a clear record of “communist-line policies” and that Jagan was a Communist.
The CIA estimates answered two of President Kennedy’s three key questions—A Jagan administration could be expected to follow a non-aligned foreign policy to some degree friendly to the communist bloc.
During May 1962 President Kennedy and British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan held direct talks, while the Guianese opposition leader Forbes Burnham visited Washington. These meetings cleared away some of the obstacles to covert action.
Senior officials decided Forbes Burnham’s socialism was preferable to whatever-it-was that Jagan believed. Equally important, the British decided to delay independence, leaving an opening for a CIA operation. One key indicator of the crumbling of opposition to a covert operation would be when Arthur Schlesinger told Jack Kennedy that a Forbes Burnham government would cause many fewer problems for the U.S. than one led by Cheddi Jagan.
In 1962 there was no CIA station in British Guiana
In 1962 there was no CIA station in British Guiana, and even British counterintelligence was represented only by a regional officer. The agency recruited an expatriate psychiatrist whose brother was an aide to Forbes Burnham, and CIA officer Joseph B. Smith met the man in Barbados, training him in secret writing and other tradecraft. This was the link that led to Burnham’s Washington visit. That visit gave the CIA the opportunity to inform the Guianese leader that the U.S. was considering action against Jagan, to which Burnham readily agreed.
Cheddi Jagan was not blind to the forces gathering against him. As early as April 1963 he had written at length to President Kennedy, arguing his position and asking for Arthur Schlesinger to visit. Kennedy was noncommittal.
The Guianese government maintained a public information office in New York City, pretty much inactive in 1962, but which suddenly erupted with materials arguing against elections before independence.
Jagan unsuccessfully tried to meet with U.S. ambassador Adlai Stevenson on the sidelines of the 1963 U.N. General Assembly. When London went ahead to set the table for the elections, Prime Minister Jagan obtained, as he understood it, assurances from Forbes Burnham that a coalition would be acceptable, and approved only on that basis.
John Kennedy’s assassination and the advent of President Lyndon B. Johnson did not alter Washington’s stance toward British Guiana. Talks with the British and Canadians in December 1963 gave Washington the opportunity to advocate for that.
Around the turn of the year the CIA had moved to start a political party among Cheddi Jagan’s own East Indian ethnic group in order to draw off PPP support. In 1964 this operation got underway. The Americans also got Forbes Burnham and Peter d’Aguilar to agree on mutually supportive measures.
U.S. money financed campaign activities, with leaflets, political buttons, and other paraphernalia
U.S. money financed campaign activities, with leaflets, political buttons, and other paraphernalia, some of it produced in the United States and delivered free—as were advertising slogans and marketing tactics. Labor operatives, some Latino interns, and even some campaign workers were paid by the U.S., and Bundy had also approved paramilitary training for some PNC cadres.
Forbes Burnham pretended to cooperate but dragged his feet with allies all around. His PNC was also violent. Police Special Branch had collected evidence on PNC political violence back to 1962. As home minister the reports would have gone to Janet Jagan, so Cheddi’s protestations of ignorance in the fall of 1964 rang hollow. And there was reciprocal PPP violence to take into account.
By the time I met Cheddi he looked like this.
Violence Ensued
A United Front activist even suggested a coup d’état be mounted against the Jagan government. By the summer, houses were being torched at a rate of five or more a day. More than 2,600 families (15,000 persons) had been forced from their homes. The political season brought nearly two hundred murders and a thousand persons wounded. That was real violence.
Cheddi Jagan, Forbes Burnham, and Peter d’Aguilar were actually conferring one day in August 1964 on tamping down the violence when, down the street, the PPP headquarters and the import-export company it ran were bombed. “My God, it’s Freedom House!” Jagan exclaimed.
All this afforded the Americans one more chance to step back. By the fall of 1964 Cheddi Jagan had offered concessions, the violence was being widely attributed to black Guianese (PNC), the CIA’s East Indian political party project had stalled, and the British continued to worry that Jagan would win anyway.
U.S. Supported Forbes Burnham who turned out to be corrupt
The CIA got its way, but the United States lost in this covert operation. Forbes Burnham turned out to be corrupt, arbitrary, and self-dealing. After a 1968 election—again with the CIA subsidizing Burnham, the leader of a renamed Guyana increasingly turned away from the United States, becoming a dictatorial figure.
Cheddi’s wife, American-born Janet Jagan who was a close friend of my mentor Betty Millard from their early Chicago days, became prime minister upon Cheddi’s death.
In 1970, despite all that CIA aid, Burnham turned to the left and adopted the very politics the United States had sought to fend off. He assumed the position of president and governed until his death on August 6, 1985.
In 1992, Cheddi Jagan finally ascended to the presidency of Guyana.
However, he suffered a heart attack in 1997. Ironically, Jagan would be flown by U.S. military aircraft and treated at Walter Reed, the U.S. military hospital.
He did not recover, passing away on March 6, 1997. Days later, Janet Jagan became the prime minister of Guyana, and in December 1997 its president, a post she held for two years until suffering heart ailments herself. She remained active in PPP politics.
