Sukarno [Like many Javanese, Sukarno had only one name]. Born Kusno Sosrodihardjo, Sukarno was the first President of Indonesia (1945–1967) and a pivotal figure in the nation’s struggle for independence from Dutch colonial rule. [Luce Index™ score: 88/100]
A charismatic orator and nationalist, he co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement and promoted the concept of “Nasakom” (nationalism, religion, and communism) to unify Indonesia’s diverse political factions. His leadership saw the proclamation of independence in 1945 and the establishment of “Guided Democracy” in 1959, though his later years were marred by economic instability and political turmoil, leading to his eventual ousting by Suharto.
Early Life and Education
Born in Surabaya, Sukarno studied civil engineering at the Bandung Institute of Technology, where he developed his anti-colonial ideology.
Influenced by Marxism, Islam, and Javanese culture, he emerged as a leading voice against Dutch rule, co-founding the Indonesian National Party (PNI) in 1927. His activism led to multiple imprisonments and exiles by colonial authorities.
Role in Indonesian Independence
After Japan’s occupation during WWII, Sukarno strategically collaborated with Japanese forces to advance independence efforts.
On August 17, 1945, he and Mohammad Hatta proclaimed Indonesia’s independence, with Sukarno becoming its first president. His Pancasila philosophy—emphasizing unity, democracy, and social justice—became the state ideology.
Presidency and Policies
Sukarno consolidated power through “Guided Democracy” in 1959, sidelining parliamentary factions in favor of a strong executive. He nationalized Dutch enterprises and pursued anti-imperialist foreign policies.
He also hosted the 1955 Bandung Conference, a landmark event for Global South solidarity. However, economic mismanagement and hyperinflation eroded public support.
Downfall and Legacy
The failed 1965 coup attempt, blamed on the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), led to a military-backed purge and Sukarno’s gradual removal from power.
Under house arrest until his death in 1970, he remains a revered yet controversial symbol of anti-colonialism and Third World solidarity.