Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962)

Algeria gained independence from France on July 5, 1962, after an intense and brutal war of liberation. The war, fought between the National Liberation Front (FLN) and French forces, lasted nearly 8 years and resulted in massive casualties and suffering.

Background: French Colonization & Rising Nationalism

• France colonized Algeria in 1830, making it an integral part of French territory, unlike other colonies.
• French rule was harsh, with land confiscation, discrimination against Algerians, and suppression of culture and religion.
• Algerian nationalists began demanding independence, inspired by global decolonization movements after World War II.

The War (1954-1962)

Key Events:

1. November 1, 1954 (Toussaint Rouge): The FLN launched coordinated attacks across Algeria, marking the start of the war.
2. French Military Response: France sent hundreds of thousands of troops, using brutal tactics including torture, executions, and civilian repression.
3. Battle of Algiers (1956-1957): FLN guerrilla fighters fought urban warfare in Algiers; the French crushed resistance but lost political support.
4. International Pressure: The war gained global attention, and France faced criticism for human rights violations.
5. Referendum & Ceasefire (1961-1962): The Évian Accords were signed in March 1962, granting Algeria independence after a nationwide referendum.

Aftermath & Impact

• Human Toll: Estimated 500,000 to 1.5 million Algerians died; many more were displaced.
• Pieds-Noirs Exodus: Over 1 million European settlers and pro-French Algerians fled to France.
• FLN Rule: The FLN took control of the new Algerian government, led by Ahmed Ben Bella.
• Long-Term Effects: The war shaped Algeria’s national identity, and tensions with France persisted for decades.

Legacy

• July 5 is celebrated as Independence Day in Algeria.
• The war is remembered for its role in anti-colonial struggles worldwide.
• France officially acknowledged its colonial abuses but remains a sensitive issue in both countries.